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1 complex information processing
комплексная обработка информации
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[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]Тематики
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Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > complex information processing
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2 complex information processing
Сетевые технологии: комплексная обработка информацииУниверсальный англо-русский словарь > complex information processing
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3 complex information processing
English-Russian dictionary of modern telecommunications > complex information processing
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4 complex information processing
The English-Kazakh dictionary of Informatics and computer technology dictionary > complex information processing
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5 complex information processing
English-Russian information technology > complex information processing
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6 CIP
ақпаратты кешендік өңдеуThe English-Kazakh dictionary of Informatics and computer technology dictionary > CIP
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7 Bibliography
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8 CIP
1) Общая лексика: cataloging in publication2) Геология: carbon in pulp3) Авиация: compressor inlet pressure, пассажир первого или бизнес-класса (Commercial Important Person)4) Медицина: cleaning in place, Программа обучения клинического исследователя (Clinical Investigator Program), План клинического исследования (Clinical Investigation Plan), Протокол клинического исследования5) Американизм: Career Intern Program, Civilian Institution Program6) Военный термин: Candidate Interoperability Plan, Capital Investment Program, Civil Institution Program, Clothing Issue Point, Combined Interoperability Program, Command Inspection Program, Common Infrastructure Program, Communications Implementation Plan, Communications Intelligence Program, Communications Interface Processor, Correlation and Integration Processor, Country Information Package, Critical Intelligence Parameter, Crypto-Ignition Plug, Cryptographic Interface Provider, central information post, civilian instruction program, combat information plot, combat information processor, combat intelligence plan, combined instrument panel, command information program, communications improvement program, component improvement program, composite interface program, consolidated intelligence program, cost improvement program, counterinsurgency plan7) Техника: call information processing, central region communications improvement program, containment improvement program, controlled impedance package, clean in place8) Сельское хозяйство: Cleaned-In-Place, cleaning-in-place9) Химия: очистка на месте (cleaning -in-place)10) Юридический термин: Challenge Incarceration Program, The Common Indexing Protocol, freight/carriage and insurance paid to (...)11) Бухгалтерия: Central Investment Program12) Оптика: cold isostatic pressing13) Телекоммуникации: Carrier Identification Parameter, Channel Interface Processor, Classical Internet Protocol over ATM, Construction in Progress, Channel Interface Processor (Cisco)14) Сокращение: Central Imagery Processor, Collision Intervention Processor, Combat Identification Panel, Common Imagery Processor, Common Integrated Processor, Component Improvement Program (USA), Critical Infrastructure Protection, cast-iron pipe, Carriage and Insurance Paid to...15) Университет: Classification Of Instructional Programs16) Электроника: Cascade Improvement Program, Continuous Improvement Program17) Вычислительная техника: Computer Integrated Processing, Common ISDN Profile (Bluetooth, CAPI, ISDN), Classical IP over ATM (IP, ATM, IETF), Common Industrial Protocol (ODVA), control and information protocol18) Нефть: carriage and insurance paid, cement in place, closed-in pressure, давление в скважине после её остановки (closed-in pressure), цементировать при монтаже (to cement in place)19) Космонавтика: Cleaner Industrial Production, co-ordinated instrument package20) Банковское дело: Customer Identification Program (США)21) Биотехнология: Chromosomal integration plasmid22) Транспорт: Capital Investment Plan, перевозка и страхование оплачены до (carriage and insurance paid to)23) Фирменный знак: Check It Products24) Экология: Climate Impact Study Program25) Патенты: continuation-in-part26) Деловая лексика: Capital Improvement Plan, Capital Improvements Program, Computer Incorporated People, Computer Investment Program, Continuous Improvement Plan, Continuous Improvement Process27) Менеджмент: Continuous Improvement Process (процесс непрерывных улучшений), Common International Process28) Сетевые технологии: Common Isochronous Packet, Communicating Interacting Processes, complex information processing, комплексная обработка информации, common industrial protocol29) ЕБРР: (carriage and insurance paid to,... named place of destination) СИП (указать место назначения; перевозка и страхование оплачены до...)30) Сахалин Р: Chemical Injection Package31) Химическое оружие: Comprehensive Implementation Plan32) Безопасность: Complete Internet Protection33) Золотодобыча: carbon in pulp process, carbon-in-pulp, carbon-in-pulp process, выщелачивание золота цианистыми растворами с последующей адсорбцией металла из нефильтрованных пульп гранулированным активированным углём, уголь в пульпе (carbon in pulp), «уголь-в-пульпе», цианирование с последующей сорбцией на уголь34) Расширение файла: Command Interface Port, Common Indexing Protocol35) Техника киносъёмки: Coating Inspector Program (NACE)36) Федеральное бюро расследований: Counterintelligence Program37) Международные перевозки: Carriage and insurance paid to (Incoterms) -
9 cip
1) Общая лексика: cataloging in publication2) Геология: carbon in pulp3) Авиация: compressor inlet pressure, пассажир первого или бизнес-класса (Commercial Important Person)4) Медицина: cleaning in place, Программа обучения клинического исследователя (Clinical Investigator Program), План клинического исследования (Clinical Investigation Plan), Протокол клинического исследования5) Американизм: Career Intern Program, Civilian Institution Program6) Военный термин: Candidate Interoperability Plan, Capital Investment Program, Civil Institution Program, Clothing Issue Point, Combined Interoperability Program, Command Inspection Program, Common Infrastructure Program, Communications Implementation Plan, Communications Intelligence Program, Communications Interface Processor, Correlation and Integration Processor, Country Information Package, Critical Intelligence Parameter, Crypto-Ignition Plug, Cryptographic Interface Provider, central information post, civilian instruction program, combat information plot, combat information processor, combat intelligence plan, combined instrument panel, command information program, communications improvement program, component improvement program, composite interface program, consolidated intelligence program, cost improvement program, counterinsurgency plan7) Техника: call information processing, central region communications improvement program, containment improvement program, controlled impedance package, clean in place8) Сельское хозяйство: Cleaned-In-Place, cleaning-in-place9) Химия: очистка на месте (cleaning -in-place)10) Юридический термин: Challenge Incarceration Program, The Common Indexing Protocol, freight/carriage and insurance paid to (...)11) Бухгалтерия: Central Investment Program12) Оптика: cold isostatic pressing13) Телекоммуникации: Carrier Identification Parameter, Channel Interface Processor, Classical Internet Protocol over ATM, Construction in Progress, Channel Interface Processor (Cisco)14) Сокращение: Central Imagery Processor, Collision Intervention Processor, Combat Identification Panel, Common Imagery Processor, Common Integrated Processor, Component Improvement Program (USA), Critical Infrastructure Protection, cast-iron pipe, Carriage and Insurance Paid to...15) Университет: Classification Of Instructional Programs16) Электроника: Cascade Improvement Program, Continuous Improvement Program17) Вычислительная техника: Computer Integrated Processing, Common ISDN Profile (Bluetooth, CAPI, ISDN), Classical IP over ATM (IP, ATM, IETF), Common Industrial Protocol (ODVA), control and information protocol18) Нефть: carriage and insurance paid, cement in place, closed-in pressure, давление в скважине после её остановки (closed-in pressure), цементировать при монтаже (to cement in place)19) Космонавтика: Cleaner Industrial Production, co-ordinated instrument package20) Банковское дело: Customer Identification Program (США)21) Биотехнология: Chromosomal integration plasmid22) Транспорт: Capital Investment Plan, перевозка и страхование оплачены до (carriage and insurance paid to)23) Фирменный знак: Check It Products24) Экология: Climate Impact Study Program25) Патенты: continuation-in-part26) Деловая лексика: Capital Improvement Plan, Capital Improvements Program, Computer Incorporated People, Computer Investment Program, Continuous Improvement Plan, Continuous Improvement Process27) Менеджмент: Continuous Improvement Process (процесс непрерывных улучшений), Common International Process28) Сетевые технологии: Common Isochronous Packet, Communicating Interacting Processes, complex information processing, комплексная обработка информации, common industrial protocol29) ЕБРР: (carriage and insurance paid to,... named place of destination) СИП (указать место назначения; перевозка и страхование оплачены до...)30) Сахалин Р: Chemical Injection Package31) Химическое оружие: Comprehensive Implementation Plan32) Безопасность: Complete Internet Protection33) Золотодобыча: carbon in pulp process, carbon-in-pulp, carbon-in-pulp process, выщелачивание золота цианистыми растворами с последующей адсорбцией металла из нефильтрованных пульп гранулированным активированным углём, уголь в пульпе (carbon in pulp), «уголь-в-пульпе», цианирование с последующей сорбцией на уголь34) Расширение файла: Command Interface Port, Common Indexing Protocol35) Техника киносъёмки: Coating Inspector Program (NACE)36) Федеральное бюро расследований: Counterintelligence Program37) Международные перевозки: Carriage and insurance paid to (Incoterms) -
10 CIP
1. call information processing - обработка данных о вызовах;2. Carriage and Insurance Paid to - фрахт/провозная плата и страхование оплачены до...;3. cast-iron pipe - чугунная труба;4. cement in place - цементировать при монтаже;5. central region communications improvement program - программа усовершенствования средств связи в центральном регионе;6. channel interface processor - канальный интерфейсный процессор;7. cleaning-in-place - мойка без разборки;8. closed-in pressure - давление в скважине после её остановки;9. combined instrument panel - приборная доска с комбинированными приборами;10. communications improvement program - программа усовершенствования связи;11. complex information processing - комплексная обработка информации; комплексная обработка информации;12. containment improvement program - программа модернизации гермооболочки ядерного реактора;13. controlled impedance package - корпус для сверхвысокочастотной интегральной схемы (СВЧ ИС), обеспечивающий согласование сопротивлений С/IP construction/inspection procedure - строительная/инспекционная процедура -
11 CIP
1) [call information processing] обработка данных о вызовах2) [complex information processing] комплексная обработка информации -
12 CIP
1) сокр. от call information processing обработка данных о вызовах2) сокр. от complex information processing комплексная обработка информацииThe New English-Russian Dictionary of Radio-electronics > CIP
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13 CIP
I сокр. от call-information processing II сокр. от complex information processingEnglish-Russian dictionary of telecommunications and their abbreviations > CIP
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14 CIP
I сокр. от channel interface processor II сокр. от complex information processingEnglish-Russian dictionary of computer science and programming > CIP
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15 CIP
- программа модернизации защитной оболочки
- перевозка и страхование оплачены до... (Инкотермз)
- очистка по месту
- комплексная обработка информации
- каталогизация в издании
- идентификатор оператора
идентификатор оператора
3-х или 4-значный числовой код в начальном адресе, идентифицирующий оператора, используемого для соединения.
[ http://www.lexikon.ru/dict/net/index.html]Тематики
EN
каталогизация в издании
Разновидность централизованной каталогизации, при которой результаты библиографической обработки помещаются в документе в процессе его публикации.
[ГОСТ 7.76-96]Тематики
- комплектование, библиографирование, каталогизация
Обобщающие термины
- библиографирование. каталогизация. основные понятия
EN
DE
FR
комплексная обработка информации
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[Е.С.Алексеев, А.А.Мячев. Англо-русский толковый словарь по системотехнике ЭВМ. Москва 1993]Тематики
EN
очистка по месту
(напр. оборудования без демонтажа)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
EN
перевозка и страхование оплачены до... (Инкотермз)
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[[Англо-русский словарь сокращений транспортно-экспедиторских и коммерческих терминов и выражений ФИАТА]]Тематики
EN
программа модернизации защитной оболочки
программа усовершенствования защитной оболочки
(ядерного реактора)
[А.С.Гольдберг. Англо-русский энергетический словарь. 2006 г.]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > CIP
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16 system
1) система || системный3) вчт операционная система; программа-супервизор5) вчт большая программа6) метод; способ; алгоритм•system halted — "система остановлена" ( экранное сообщение об остановке компьютера при наличии серьёзной ошибки)
- CPsystem- H-system- h-system- hydrogen-air/lead battery hybrid system- Ksystem- Lsystem- L*a*b* system- master/slave computer system- p-system- y-system- Δ-system -
17 system
система; комплекс; средство; способ; метод; сеть (напр. дорог) ;aiming-navigation system (analog, digital) — прицельно-навигационная система (аналоговая, цифровая)
air observation, acquisition and fire control system — (бортовая) система воздушной разведки, засечки целей и управления огнем
air support aircraft ECM (equipment) system — (бортовая) система РЭП для самолетов авиационной поддержки
airborne (ground) target acquisition and illumination laser system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и подсветки (наземных) целей
airborne (ground) targeting and laser designator system — ав. бортовая лазерная система обнаружения и целеуказания (наземных целей)
airborne laser illumination, ranging and tracking system — ав. бортовая система лазерной подсветки, определения дальности и сопровождения цели
artillery (nuclear) delivery system — артиллерийская система доставки (ядерного) боеприпаса (к цели)
C2 system — система оперативного управления; система руководства и управления
C3 system — система руководства, управления и связи; система оперативного управления и связи
channel and message switching (automatic) communications system — АСС с коммутацией каналов и сообщений
country-fair type rotation system (of instruction) — метод одновременного обучения [опроса] нескольких учебных групп (переходящих от одного объекта изучения к другому)
dual-capable (conventional/nuclear) weapon delivery system — система доставки (обычного или ядерного) боеприпаса к цели
electromagnetic emitters identification, location and suppression system — система обнаружения, опознавания и подавления источников электромагнитных излучений [излучающих РЭС]
field antimissile (missile) system — полевой [войсковой] ПРК
fire-on-the-move (air defense) gun system — подвижный зенитный артиллерийский комплекс для стрельбы в движении [на ходу]
fluidic (missile) control system — ркт. гидравлическая [струйная] система управления полетом
forward (area) air defense system — система ПВО передового района; ЗРК для войсковой ПВО передового района
graduated (availability) operational readiness system — Бр. система поэтапной боевой готовности (частей и соединений)
high-resolution satellite IR detection, tracking and targeting system — спутниковая система с ИК аппаратурой высокой разрешающей способности для обнаружения, сопровождения целей и наведения средств поражения
ICBM (alarm and) early warning satellite system — спутниковая система обнаружения пусков МБР и раннего предупреждения (средств ПРО)
information storage, tracking and retrieval system — система накопления, хранения и поиска информации
instantaneous grenade launcher (armored vehicle) smoke system — гранатомет (БМ) для быстрой постановки дымовой завесы
Precision Location [Locator] (and) Strike system — высокоточная система обеспечения обнаружения и поражения целей; высокоточный разведывательно-ударный комплекс
rapid deceleration (parachute) delivery system — парашютная система выброски грузов с быстрым торможением
real time, high-resolution reconnaissance satellite system — спутниковая разведывательная система с высокой разрешающей способностью аппаратуры и передачей информации в реальном масштабе времени
received signal-oriented (output) jamming signal power-adjusting ECM system — система РЭП с автоматическим регулированием уровня помех в зависимости от мощности принимаемого сигнала
sea-based nuclear (weapon) delivery system — система морского базирования доставки ядерного боеприпаса к цели
small surface-to-air ship self-defense (missile) system — ЗРК ближнего действия для самообороны корабля
Status Control, Alerting and Reporting system — система оповещения, контроля и уточнения состояния [боевой готовности] сил и средств
surface missile (weapon) system — наземный [корабельный] РК
target acquisition, rapid designation and precise aiming system — комплекс аппаратуры обнаружения цели, быстрого целеуказания и точного прицеливания
— ABM defense system— antimissile missile system— central weapon system— countersurprise military system— laser surveying system— tank weapon system— vertical launching system— weapons system -
18 IPC
1) Авиация: иллюстрированный каталог деталей (Illustrated Parts Catalogue)2) Медицина: железо ( III)-гидроксид полимальтозный комплекс (Iron hydroxide polymaltose complex), ГПК, Intermittent pneumatic compression4) Военный термин: Industrial Planning Committee, Industrial Property Committee, Intelligence Producers' Council, Intelligence Production Center, Inter Process Communications, illustrated parts catalog, independent parachute company, information processing code, instrumentation package container, intermediate processing center5) Техника: Inter-jurisdictional Planning Committee, International Program Committee, indicating pressure controller, information process charts, integrated protection cabinet, isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate6) Шутливое выражение: I Prefer Compaq7) Строительство: inorganic phosphate cement8) Бухгалтерия: Information Product Cash9) Автомобильный термин: instrument panel cluster, intermediate pressure cylinder10) Астрономия: Inter Planetary Commission11) Ветеринария: International Policy Council (on Agriculutre, Food and Trade)12) Телекоммуникации: Initial Paging Channel, Interprocess Communication13) Сокращение: Information Processing Centre, Integrated Programme for Commodities, Iraq Petroleum Company, interplanetary communications, Inter-Process Communication, Уголовный кодекс Индии (Indian Penal Code), МПК (Международная патентная классификация)14) Университет: Integrated Physics And Chemistry15) Физика: Individual Particle Correlation, Integrated Proton Current16) Электроника: Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Integrated Circuits, Inter Product Components, Intermittent Positive Control, Intrinsically Passive Control17) Вычислительная техника: interprocessor communication, коммуникации между процессами, связь между процессами, Integrated Polymer Circuit (IC), Internet Privacy Coalition (Internet), InterProcess Communications (protocol)18) Нефть: installed production capacity19) Воздухоплавание: Intermittent Position Control20) Фирменный знак: IP Phone Center, Idea And Production Centre, In Pro Corporation, International Poly Company, International Publishing Company21) Экология: International Poplar Commission23) Деловая лексика: международная патентная классификация (International Patent Classification)24) Авторское право: International Classification of Patents25) Промышленность: текущий контроль производственного процесса (in-process control)26) Сетевые технологии: Inner Process Communication, Interval Preservation Constraint, information processing center, integrated peripheral channel, interprocess communications, interprocessor communications, взаимодействие между процессами, двоичный код обработки нецифровой информации, интегрированный периферийный канал, межпрограммное взаимодействие, межпроцессорное взаимодействие, центр обработки информации, Inter-Processor Communication (Cisco)27) Полимеры: International Patent Classification, indicating pressure control, industrial process control, Интерполимерный комплекс (Interpolymer complex)28) Программирование: Instructions Per Clock, Industrial PC29) Автоматика: industrial personal computer30) Химическое оружие: integrated process team31) Макаров: Interstate Power Company, intelligent peripheral controller32) Безопасность: Internet Privacy Coalition, Internet Protection Community33) SAP.тех. связь 'процесс-процесс'34) Электротехника: individual phase control35) Фантастика Inter Planetary Corps36) Высокочастотная электроника: Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits37) Молекулярная биология: Internal Positive Control38) Фармация: Integrated Pollution Control39) Программное обеспечение: Internet Pricing and Configurator40) Единицы измерений: Instructions Per Cycle41) Парашютный спорт: комиссия "FAI" по парашютному спорту -
19 ipc
1) Авиация: иллюстрированный каталог деталей (Illustrated Parts Catalogue)2) Медицина: железо ( III)-гидроксид полимальтозный комплекс (Iron hydroxide polymaltose complex), ГПК, Intermittent pneumatic compression4) Военный термин: Industrial Planning Committee, Industrial Property Committee, Intelligence Producers' Council, Intelligence Production Center, Inter Process Communications, illustrated parts catalog, independent parachute company, information processing code, instrumentation package container, intermediate processing center5) Техника: Inter-jurisdictional Planning Committee, International Program Committee, indicating pressure controller, information process charts, integrated protection cabinet, isopropyl-N-phenylcarbamate6) Шутливое выражение: I Prefer Compaq7) Строительство: inorganic phosphate cement8) Бухгалтерия: Information Product Cash9) Автомобильный термин: instrument panel cluster, intermediate pressure cylinder10) Астрономия: Inter Planetary Commission11) Ветеринария: International Policy Council (on Agriculutre, Food and Trade)12) Телекоммуникации: Initial Paging Channel, Interprocess Communication13) Сокращение: Information Processing Centre, Integrated Programme for Commodities, Iraq Petroleum Company, interplanetary communications, Inter-Process Communication, Уголовный кодекс Индии (Indian Penal Code), МПК (Международная патентная классификация)14) Университет: Integrated Physics And Chemistry15) Физика: Individual Particle Correlation, Integrated Proton Current16) Электроника: Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Integrated Circuits, Inter Product Components, Intermittent Positive Control, Intrinsically Passive Control17) Вычислительная техника: interprocessor communication, коммуникации между процессами, связь между процессами, Integrated Polymer Circuit (IC), Internet Privacy Coalition (Internet), InterProcess Communications (protocol)18) Нефть: installed production capacity19) Воздухоплавание: Intermittent Position Control20) Фирменный знак: IP Phone Center, Idea And Production Centre, In Pro Corporation, International Poly Company, International Publishing Company21) Экология: International Poplar Commission23) Деловая лексика: международная патентная классификация (International Patent Classification)24) Авторское право: International Classification of Patents25) Промышленность: текущий контроль производственного процесса (in-process control)26) Сетевые технологии: Inner Process Communication, Interval Preservation Constraint, information processing center, integrated peripheral channel, interprocess communications, interprocessor communications, взаимодействие между процессами, двоичный код обработки нецифровой информации, интегрированный периферийный канал, межпрограммное взаимодействие, межпроцессорное взаимодействие, центр обработки информации, Inter-Processor Communication (Cisco)27) Полимеры: International Patent Classification, indicating pressure control, industrial process control, Интерполимерный комплекс (Interpolymer complex)28) Программирование: Instructions Per Clock, Industrial PC29) Автоматика: industrial personal computer30) Химическое оружие: integrated process team31) Макаров: Interstate Power Company, intelligent peripheral controller32) Безопасность: Internet Privacy Coalition, Internet Protection Community33) SAP.тех. связь 'процесс-процесс'34) Электротехника: individual phase control35) Фантастика Inter Planetary Corps36) Высокочастотная электроника: Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits37) Молекулярная биология: Internal Positive Control38) Фармация: Integrated Pollution Control39) Программное обеспечение: Internet Pricing and Configurator40) Единицы измерений: Instructions Per Cycle41) Парашютный спорт: комиссия "FAI" по парашютному спорту -
20 Computers
The brain has been compared to a digital computer because the neuron, like a switch or valve, either does or does not complete a circuit. But at that point the similarity ends. The switch in the digital computer is constant in its effect, and its effect is large in proportion to the total output of the machine. The effect produced by the neuron varies with its recovery from [the] refractory phase and with its metabolic state. The number of neurons involved in any action runs into millions so that the influence of any one is negligible.... Any cell in the system can be dispensed with.... The brain is an analogical machine, not digital. Analysis of the integrative activities will probably have to be in statistical terms. (Lashley, quoted in Beach, Hebb, Morgan & Nissen, 1960, p. 539)It is essential to realize that a computer is not a mere "number cruncher," or supercalculating arithmetic machine, although this is how computers are commonly regarded by people having no familiarity with artificial intelligence. Computers do not crunch numbers; they manipulate symbols.... Digital computers originally developed with mathematical problems in mind, are in fact general purpose symbol manipulating machines....The terms "computer" and "computation" are themselves unfortunate, in view of their misleading arithmetical connotations. The definition of artificial intelligence previously cited-"the study of intelligence as computation"-does not imply that intelligence is really counting. Intelligence may be defined as the ability creatively to manipulate symbols, or process information, given the requirements of the task in hand. (Boden, 1981, pp. 15, 16-17)The task is to get computers to explain things to themselves, to ask questions about their experiences so as to cause those explanations to be forthcoming, and to be creative in coming up with explanations that have not been previously available. (Schank, 1986, p. 19)In What Computers Can't Do, written in 1969 (2nd edition, 1972), the main objection to AI was the impossibility of using rules to select only those facts about the real world that were relevant in a given situation. The "Introduction" to the paperback edition of the book, published by Harper & Row in 1979, pointed out further that no one had the slightest idea how to represent the common sense understanding possessed even by a four-year-old. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 102)A popular myth says that the invention of the computer diminishes our sense of ourselves, because it shows that rational thought is not special to human beings, but can be carried on by a mere machine. It is a short stop from there to the conclusion that intelligence is mechanical, which many people find to be an affront to all that is most precious and singular about their humanness.In fact, the computer, early in its career, was not an instrument of the philistines, but a humanizing influence. It helped to revive an idea that had fallen into disrepute: the idea that the mind is real, that it has an inner structure and a complex organization, and can be understood in scientific terms. For some three decades, until the 1940s, American psychology had lain in the grip of the ice age of behaviorism, which was antimental through and through. During these years, extreme behaviorists banished the study of thought from their agenda. Mind and consciousness, thinking, imagining, planning, solving problems, were dismissed as worthless for anything except speculation. Only the external aspects of behavior, the surface manifestations, were grist for the scientist's mill, because only they could be observed and measured....It is one of the surprising gifts of the computer in the history of ideas that it played a part in giving back to psychology what it had lost, which was nothing less than the mind itself. In particular, there was a revival of interest in how the mind represents the world internally to itself, by means of knowledge structures such as ideas, symbols, images, and inner narratives, all of which had been consigned to the realm of mysticism. (Campbell, 1989, p. 10)[Our artifacts] only have meaning because we give it to them; their intentionality, like that of smoke signals and writing, is essentially borrowed, hence derivative. To put it bluntly: computers themselves don't mean anything by their tokens (any more than books do)-they only mean what we say they do. Genuine understanding, on the other hand, is intentional "in its own right" and not derivatively from something else. (Haugeland, 1981a, pp. 32-33)he debate over the possibility of computer thought will never be won or lost; it will simply cease to be of interest, like the previous debate over man as a clockwork mechanism. (Bolter, 1984, p. 190)t takes us a long time to emotionally digest a new idea. The computer is too big a step, and too recently made, for us to quickly recover our balance and gauge its potential. It's an enormous accelerator, perhaps the greatest one since the plow, twelve thousand years ago. As an intelligence amplifier, it speeds up everything-including itself-and it continually improves because its heart is information or, more plainly, ideas. We can no more calculate its consequences than Babbage could have foreseen antibiotics, the Pill, or space stations.Further, the effects of those ideas are rapidly compounding, because a computer design is itself just a set of ideas. As we get better at manipulating ideas by building ever better computers, we get better at building even better computers-it's an ever-escalating upward spiral. The early nineteenth century, when the computer's story began, is already so far back that it may as well be the Stone Age. (Rawlins, 1997, p. 19)According to weak AI, the principle value of the computer in the study of the mind is that it gives us a very powerful tool. For example, it enables us to formulate and test hypotheses in a more rigorous and precise fashion than before. But according to strong AI the computer is not merely a tool in the study of the mind; rather the appropriately programmed computer really is a mind in the sense that computers given the right programs can be literally said to understand and have other cognitive states. And according to strong AI, because the programmed computer has cognitive states, the programs are not mere tools that enable us to test psychological explanations; rather, the programs are themselves the explanations. (Searle, 1981b, p. 353)What makes people smarter than machines? They certainly are not quicker or more precise. Yet people are far better at perceiving objects in natural scenes and noting their relations, at understanding language and retrieving contextually appropriate information from memory, at making plans and carrying out contextually appropriate actions, and at a wide range of other natural cognitive tasks. People are also far better at learning to do these things more accurately and fluently through processing experience.What is the basis for these differences? One answer, perhaps the classic one we might expect from artificial intelligence, is "software." If we only had the right computer program, the argument goes, we might be able to capture the fluidity and adaptability of human information processing. Certainly this answer is partially correct. There have been great breakthroughs in our understanding of cognition as a result of the development of expressive high-level computer languages and powerful algorithms. However, we do not think that software is the whole story.In our view, people are smarter than today's computers because the brain employs a basic computational architecture that is more suited to deal with a central aspect of the natural information processing tasks that people are so good at.... hese tasks generally require the simultaneous consideration of many pieces of information or constraints. Each constraint may be imperfectly specified and ambiguous, yet each can play a potentially decisive role in determining the outcome of processing. (McClelland, Rumelhart & Hinton, 1986, pp. 3-4)Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Computers
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